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ESSAYS IN APPLIED CHRISTIANITY 


AMERICA AND THE NEAR EAST 


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NUMBER IX 


AMERICA AND THE NEAR EAST 
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RHEA ENSIGN 


Essay winning first prize in competition of 1923 


University of Kansas 


ELEVENTH AWARD 





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PREFATORY NOTE 
THE HATTIE ELIZABETH LEwis MEMORIAL 


This Memorial was established in the University of 
Kansas in 1911, in memory of Hattie Elizabeth Lewis, 
a former student of the University. It was founded by 
Professor George Edward Patrick, of Washington, 
D. C., and is maintained out of funds put into the hands 
of the Chancellor of the University a few months before 
Professor Patrick’s death, which occurred March 22, 
1916. Professor Patrick was a member of the faculty 
of the University of Kansas from 1874 to 1883. He and 
Miss Lewis were married in 1883. Mrs. Patrick died 
in 1909. 


The Memorial takes the form of an annual competi- 
tion in essay writing, open to all students of the Uni- 
versity of Kansas. The general theme of the essays 
submitted in this competition is “The Application of 
the Teachings of Jesus to the Practical Affairs and Re- 
lations of Life, Individual, Social, Industrial, Commer- 
cial, or Political; but each essay must deal with a 
single definite subject, or a single phase of life. In the 
competition for the year 1922-23, the University com- 
mittee in charge of the competition prescribed as the 
particular phase of the general theme to which con- 
testants were to be confined: “American Policy in 
Foreign Affairs.” 





CONTENTS 


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A. Sources. 
-B. Method of interpretation. 


C. His principles. 


EGR CIGAR eet Ee Me eu ee Cl Acie A 18 


A. The historical background. 


B. The inherent problems. 


Relation of the United States to the Near East ........ 20 


A. The reason for American interest in the Near East. 
B. World politics. 


C. Humanitarianism. 





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AMERICA AND THE NEAR EAST 


An application of the teachings of Jesus to the relation 
of the United States to the Near East. 


I. THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS 


Despite the innumerable controversies about the origin 
and authenticity of the New Testament, we know that we 
possess, in each of the first four books of the New Testa- 
ment, a body of teachings and a partial biography of a great 
personality that Christian nations accept as the most per- 
fect known expression of the higher value of life. The ac- 
counts vary in detail and are somewhat supplementary to 
one another, having been written several decades after the 
death of Jesus. The gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke 
show evidence of a common origin, but are not in strict har- 
mony with the more theological and mystical gospel of 
John. The Synoptic Gospels, however, afford us a working 
basis for determining the characteristics of the life and 
teachings of Jesus. 

An interpretation of the teachings of Jesus must nec- 
essarily allow for modification owing to the time, author- 
ship and translations of the records, and to the Oriental 
customs and modes of speech; but in a larger measure it 
must take account of the purpose of the life of Jesus, his 
personality and example, and the needs and characteristics 
of our present civilization. 

The purpose of the life of Jesus was essentially moral 
and religious in its nature, as is evidenced in such expres- 
sions as: “But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his 
rizhteousness,’* and “Whosoever shall do the will of my 
Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sis- 
ter, and mother.’? He was of the world, yet above its ma- 
terialism. Not the temptation of wealth, nor of fame, nor 
of political power could prevail upon him to use his marvel- 
ous talents for anything other than the furtherance of the 


1. Matthew 6:88. 2. Matthew 12:50. 


8 Essays in Applied Christianity 


kingdom of God. He was a revolutionist in thought, yet 
his energy was not spent in the direct overthrow of exist- 
ing institutions, but in instilling right ideals in individuals, 
that would find expression, by gradual developments, in 
permanent reforms. His aim was to cause the individual 
to look inward to discover “the beam” in his own eye, to 
“cleanse the inside of the cup;” then to look upward to the 
heavenly father as revealed by him, to find the way of life; 
and to look outward upon the world to serve it and better it. 

With this conception of Jesus’ purpose in mind, namely, 
the inspiring of individuals to seek and live up to the high- 
est religious truths and ideals, we can better understand 
why his teachings were so fragmentary and individualistic; 
why he did not become the leader of a great political or so- 
cial party ; and why he left no definite rules for the function- 
ing of great organizations, such as the state. This is often 
the stumbling block in the application of his teachings to 
mocern problems, but it is the very reason why the prin- 
ciples of Jesus have persisted; it gives them a universal 
scope because they do not apply only to one time, place, or 
stage of civilization, but to the individual and to humanity. 


The purpose which inspired the teachings of Jesus also 
inspired his life, and no interpretation of his teachinggs is 
adequate without a consideration of his personality and ex- 
ample. These give unity to his teachings and explain ap- 
parent inconsistencies. When John, in prison, sent to know 
whether the Messiah had truly come, Jesus’ answer was to 
point out the kind of work he was doing, and the example 
which he was setting before the people. His primary in- 
terest was in religion, but in a religion woven into the very 
fabric of daily life. As one writer says, “Spirituality to him 
was the solid materialism of life, shot through with purpose 
and so made incandescent and luminous.’* And another, 
“He was no inventor of new things, but a discoverer of the 
spiritual! significance of things known to men to be ordin- 


ary.”* His personality was so powerful that his disciples 
8. Rihbany: The Syrian Christ, p. 57. 4. lv otib The Call of the Carpenter, 
p. ° 


America and the Near East 9 


accepted his assertions of divinity and infallibility without 
a question, and for centuries men have worshipped this 
lowly carpenter’s Son as divine. The person of Jesus binds 
together, and by example, reinforces, verifies, and vitalizes 
his teachings. 


Jesus spoke of himself as the fulfilment of the law and 
the prophets; his followers accepted him as the promised 
Messiah; but the Oriental world of two thousand years ago 
is far removed from our Western civilization of the twen- 
tieth century, and we must interpret him in the light of 
modern conditions and trends of thought. For instance, the 
growth of science has made belief in demoniacal possession 
and multiplication of the loaves and fishes an impossibility. 
To us is denied, also, the simplicity of living of the time of 
Jesus. Our life has become so complex, so inextricably 
bound up with the lives of others and with world events 
that we cannot dwell apart if we would. With Jesus, inter- 
dependence, cosmopolitanism, democracy, looking after the 
welfare of the world,—all were primarily questions of re- 
ligious principles; with us, they are questions of necessity. 
Many of these things which Jesus advocated for world bet- 
terment, with religious ends in view, are accomplished facts 
of today, dependent upon economic, political, social and cul- 
tural factors. 


Modern life is more than complex; it is moving at such 
a rapid rate of progress that the “insane rush of our times” 
has become a bugbear of philosophers and ministers. We 
do not take time to think over and judge carefully either 
the issues of the day or the guiding principles of our 
courses of action. The early years of Jesus’ life were spent. 
in quiet and meditative preparation, and during his min- 
istry he often spent whole nights in prayer. This is in- 
conceivable and practically impossible for us, but we should 
realize that the teachings of Jesus were the fruit of several 
years of contemplation, and approach them for study, as far 
as possible, in the spirit in which they were conceived. The 
interpretation of these teachings is largely dependent upon 


10 Essays in Applied Christianity 


the age which interprets them, and by considering the pur- 
pose and personality of the Master, they are found as ap- 
plicable for one age as for another. His principles are deep 
enough and broad enough to serve as a universal standard 
of conduct for nations as well as for individuals. 


One of the great principles emphasized by Jesus was 
that of justice, not mere legal justice, but moral justice. 
What a picture of righteous wrath is that in which Jesus 
scourges the unjust scribes and Pharisees with these sting- 
ing rebukes: “Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypo- 
crites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and 
have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, 
mercy, and faith........... ”5 'The sight of the money changers 
in the temple aroused Jesus to drive them out angrily, cry- 
ing, “IMy house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye 
have made it a den of thieves.’® Injustice and hypocrisy 
went hand in hand, then as now, and again and again in re- 
bukes and parables, Jesus condemned them. The suffering 
and sin brought about by the unscrupulous dealings of the 
ruling classes stirred him to the depths, and, at the jeopardy 
of his own life, he protested against such injustice. 


But Jesus insisted on more than justice in the relations 
of one person to another. He desired men to have sym- 
pathy, mercy, democracy, and interest, in their attitudes 
toward one another, and all these he summed up in his com- 
mandment, “As ye would that men should do to you, do ye 
also to them likewise.”? The Good Samaritan of the parable 
has become a symbol of the spirit of brotherly love which 
was so essentially a part of the life of Jesus. No man, hum- 
ble and poor, or wealthy and influential, was denied his help. 
He reverenced the personality of his fellow beings so much 
that he violated the tradition of his people to lift up an out- 
cast, to dine with beggars and publicans, and to open his 
kingdom to Gentile as well as Jew, thus sweeping away na- 
tional and racial barriers and impressing men with their 
worldwide obligations. He recognized always the common 


5. Matthew 23:23. 7. Luke 6:31. 
6. Matthew 21-13. 


America and the Near East 11 


tie of humanity which bound men together into one great 
brotherhood. Not that all of the brothers were equal in tal- 
ent, wealth, and social standing, yet that each should be 
treated by others with a spirit of helpfulness, democracy, 
and understanding. The world is greatly indebted to Jesus 
for the ideal of democracy, as the following statement by an 
eminent historian testifies: “By placing emphasis on the 
equality of all men in the sight of God, regardless of rank 
or wealth, and by enjoining all Christians to love their 
neighbors as themselves, Christianity gave Europe a great 
and lasting lesson—a lesson however slowly learned—in 
true democracy.’® And Jesus extended his brotherhood of 
men to enemies as well as friends, saying, “Love your en- 
enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that 
hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you and 
persecute you.’® How well Jesus lived his teaching of love 
for humanity is shown in his dying words, ‘Father, forgive 
them; for they know not what they do.’’?° 

Closely akin to the idea of brotherhood of men is that 
of humanitarianism, which, however, deals more specific- 
ally with the relief of distress and suffering. ‘For I was an 
hungered, and ye gave me meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave 
me drink; I was a stranger, and ye took me in; naked, and 
ye clothed me; I was in prison, and ye came unto me.’ 
Jesus was frequently “moved with compassion” because of 
the physical suffering of the people about him, and he spent 
much time and energy in relieving it. Accustomed as we 
are to elaborate organizations of charitable work, the heal- 
ing of the sick and the feeding of the poor as practiced by 
Jesus seems inefficient and superficial. It is difficult to con- 
ceive of the simplicity of the methods used by Jesus to carry 
out his life plan. His teaching was individualistic; as too 
was his healing and charity individualistic. He saw that 
spiritual and mental health must be accompanied by phys- 
ical health and economic health, so he ministered to phys- 
ical wants at the same time that he preached the gospel of 
8. Hayes: Political and Social His- 10. Luke 28:84. 


tory of Modern Europe, v. 2, p. 101. 11. Matthew 25:85, 36. 
9. Matthew 5:44. 


12 Essays in Applied Christianity 


the kingdom of heaven. The important fact to note is that 
Jesus felt relief work to be a vital part of his contribution 
to the world and commanded his followers to continue their 
humanitarian work. 

Jesus possessed one heroic trait without which his per- 
sonality could never have impressed the world as it has,— 
he was not afraid to hold frankly and consistently to his 
ideals. It required moral courage of a high degree, on one 
hand, to disavow the traditions and expectations of his own 
race; and, on the other hand, for him,—a man of the lower, 
tribute-paying class,—to rebuke and defy the scribes and 
Pharisees, behind whom loomed the Roman Government, 
cruel, powerful, menacing. Great courage is often born at 
the hour of great crisis, but few can consistently maintain 
such a high level of courage as Jesus did. His courage was 
more than physical, although he suffered stonings and 
scourgings and even death on the cross; it was moral and 
mental. He deliberately chose to uphold those principles 
which he knew would cause him to be hated and persecuted. 
Never did he waver or turn aside from his purpose in life. 
But his determination was also tempered with discretion 
and wisdom. People of his day and of succeeding ages were 
astonished at the wisdom of this man of Nazareth. He al- 
ways succeeded in escaping the religious disputes and po- 
litical traps in which the scribes and Pharisees and the Sad- 
ducees sought to ensnare him. He realized the craftiness 
of the “children of the world,” and said to his disciples as 
he sent them forth to preach, “‘Behold I send you forth as 
sheep in the midst of wolves; be ye therefore wise as ser- 
pents, and harmless as doves.’’!” 

Justice, brotherly love, humanitarianism, moral and 
mental stamina,—how definitely these principles were mani- 
fested in the life of Jesus, yet how difficult they are to ap- 
ply to modern problems! They are so far-reaching in their 
application and so many factors are at work to check their 
operation, that men disregard their possibilities and values. 
Christianity has failed, it is said, because it has not pre- 


12. Matthew 10:16. 


America and the Near Last 13 


vented war, but, as Mr. Fosdick has asked, was there ever 
before a time in which there was popular recognition of the 
incongruity of war and Jesus’ teachings?!* The teachings 
have not failed; they simply have not been thought to have 
any relation to war. In like manner, condemnation of the 
value of the principles of Jesus in the solution of world 
problems is unwarranted when his principles have never 
been applied to these problems. 


Il. THE NEAR EAST 


Before considering how the principles of Jesus would 
affect the relation of the United States to the Near East, 
the problems of the Near East must be studied. No true 
application of these principles is possible without an under- 
standing of the historical background and the present situ- 
ation in the Near East. 

Historically, the Near East, which centers about the 
entrance to the Black Sea and includes the eastern Mediter- 
ranean region, Asia Minor, and southeastern Europe, has 
been the battleground where East has met West and bar- 
barity has met civilization. Wave after wave of conquests 
passed over the land, each leaving its own peculiar deposit 
of race and civilization. With the coming of the Ottoman 
Turks, Europe found herself, during the medieval period 
of decay, menaced by a strong Oriental power. The Otto- 
mans invaded Europe and secured a foothold across the 
Straits from which every effort has failed to dislodge them. 

The Turks are feared and abhorred among the nations 
of the world. Their government has become a byword for 
inefficiency, cruelty, persecution, and deceit. Like a plague, 
wherever it has gone it has left misery, poverty, and dread 
in its wake. Its subject peoples have been reduced to an 
abject state of subserviency and lack of self-respect by 
vicious taxation and religious persecution; its courts have 


18. Harry E. Fosdick: The Challenge of the Present Crisis. 


14 Essays in Applied Christianity 


been markets for the sale of judgments; its officials have 
been unscrupulous tyrants. 

Turkish ‘policies have been in keeping with the corrupt 
character of its government. The exploitation of the lower 
classes has been intensified, in the treatment of non-Mos- 
lems, to the point of wholesale massacres. The Armenian 
Christians have been esnecially the victims of Moslem fan- 
atacism and atrocities. The Moslem religion has also been 
largely responsible for the degraded position of women in 
the Empire, the doctrine being held by many that women 
have no souls. Education has been denied the mass of the 
people, and foreign schools and missions are looked upon 
with suspicion. 

The Turk has not confined his attention to internal af- 
fairs but has intervened in European politics whenever 
given an opportunity to exert “his traditional policy of play- 
ing one Christian nation against another.’! Times with- 
out number, he has succeeded in preserving himself when 
threatened by the great powers, by creating dissensions in 
the enemy camp. European powers have set him a good 
example, for they have repeatedly used Turkey as a pawn 
in their diplomatic games, notwithstanding their mistrust 
and condemnation of the government. 

Decay of power and authority was inevitable with the 
Turkish system, and this became more and more apparent 
during the nineteenth century. At the same time, the sub- 
ject peoples of Turkey-in-Kurope were swept by a tide of 
nationalism that resulted in revolts against the Sultan and 
the establishment of the independent Balkan states which 
were protected by European powers. 

“Revolt, accompanied by European intervention, has 
been the history of Turkey in the nineteenth century.’ 
The Near East has been torn first one way and then another, 
according to the situation among the great powers. Euro- 
pean intervention in 1830 preserved the independence of 
Greece, which led to the Russo-Turco war by which the 
14. Review of Reviews, March 1923, 15. Schevill: Political History of 


p. 265. Frank H. Simonds: Lau- Modern Europe, p. 494. 
sanne. 


America and the Near East 15 


Sultan was forced to withdraw from the direct sovereignty 
of Siberia and Roumania. Turkey would have been con- 
quered by its revolting vassal, Egypt, if the Powers had not 
supported the Sultan in 1841. Then followed the Crimean 
War, with Russia as the aggressor, in which Turkey was 
again saved by England and France. A third Russo-Turco 
war broke out in 1877 after a successful revolt of Roumania, 
Herzegovina, and Serbia against the Sultan. By the treaty 
of San Stefano, the Sultan was deprived of his European 
possessions except Constantinople and Albania, but, under 
the leadership of England, Europe refused to recognize the 
treaty. At the Berlin Congress, Roumania, Serbia, and 
Montenegro were declared independent; Herzegovina and 
Bosnia were given to Austria to be occupied for an indefi- 
nite length of time; North Bulgaria was made semi-inde- 
pendent; and South Bulgaria and Macedonia were restored 
to Turkey. Serbia later protested against the voluntary 
union of North and South Bulgaria, and would have been 
destroyed in the war with Bulgaria which followed if Aus- 
tria had not intervened. In 1908 Austria annexed Bosnia 
which Serbia claimed on nationalistic grounds, and a gen- 
eral European conflict was averted only by the withdrawal 
of support of Serbia by the rest of Europe. 


German influence in Turkey inspired the Young Turk 
Movement, which gave promise of reform of the govern- 
ment and internal conditions. Little was accomplished, 
however, and subsequent revolts and massacres in Mace- 
donia led. to the Balkan war of 1912-3 in which Turkey lost 
all her territory in Europe except that around Constanti- 
nople and the Straits. The opposition of Serbia to the Ger- 
man-Austrian plan to build a railway from Berlin to Bag- 
dad, via Constantinople, led directly to the World War, for 
Serbia was supported by other nations who were alarmed 
at the concessions granted to Germany by Turkey and 
feared the growth of her imperial power. 


During the War, Turkey played the part of a German 
tool, but, being internally so decadent, lost steadily to the 


16 Essays in Applied Christianity 


Allies and totally collapsed in 1918. The perplexities of her 
situation delayed the drawing up of a peace treaty until the 
summer of 1920. The ideas embodied in the treaty were as 
follows: the internationalization of the Straits; mandatory 
supervision of Mesopotamia by Great Britain, and Syria by 
France; the mapping out of economic spheres of influence 
in the Ottoman Empire for the great powers; the establish- 
ment of an Armenian state; the subordination of the Sultan 
as a political figure; and the understanding that Greece 
would be allowed to conquer Smyrna. The United States 
was offered, but refused to accept, mandates over Armenia 
and Turkey. The pacifications of the Balkan States pre- 
vious to this treaty imposed indemnities upon Bulgaria, de- 
prived her of Thrace, and divided Macedonia between Greece 
and Serbia. 


In this review of the history of the Near East to the 
peace treaties of 1919-20, the inherent problems of the Near 
Hast are apparent. 


One of the basic problems is that of racial and national- 
istic complexities. The many remnants of the barbarians 
from Asia and the North, of Oriental peoples, and of Euro- 
peans have not been fused into a compact nation, but each 
has persisted in its own peculiar customs, institutions, and 
culture. Jealousies, massacres, and guerilla warfare have 
been the bane of the Near East for centuries. The Turk, 
an Oriental barbarian and self-imposed ruler of the others, 
has wrought more diabolically and purposively than his sub- 
ject nations and tribes, but the history of the Balkan states 
proves that brutality, murder, and injustice are not confined 
to the Turk. 


The racial feeling is intensified by accompanying re- 
ligious differences—and religious forms are of vital import- 
ance to the peoples of the Near East. The primary divis- 
ions of religions are Moslem, and non-Moslems, the latter 
embracing a multitude of sects, distinct from and jealous 
of each other. If Christianity had been able to preserve its 
unity, instead of having been distorted into many forms 


America and the Near East 17 


hardly recognizable as Christian, the history of the Near 
East might have been radically different. Religion, as well 
as the government, has held the people in bondage and ig- 
norance. The government has ruled their bodies; the 
priests have ruled their souls. Speaking of the Syrian’s at- 
titude toward life, Mr. Rihbany says that life to him is 
‘neither an evolution nor an achievement, but an inherii- 
ance.’ Religious differences, too, have caused dissensions 
and evil wars. The frequent massacres of Armenians, 
Greeks, and Syrians throughout the nineteenth century 
were largely due to revivals of Moslem fanaticism endeavor- 
ing to destroy that which it could not subdue. 


Enough has been said of the Turkish government to 
give a definite idea of it as an important problem in the 
Near East; and in addition the importance of international! 
politics has been indicated. The policies underlying Euro- 
pean intervention have been mostly imperialistic. Russia 
has dreamed of possessing Constantinople ever since the 
time of Catherine the Second. Austria has aspired to ex- 
pand southward and control the Balkan region. Great 
Britain has feared the influences of another great power in 
the Eastern Mediterranean because it would imperil her 
commercial interests and her communication with Egypt 
and India. Germany, although a late entrant into the fray, 
visioned an Asiatic empire for herself. France, having di- 
rected her interest to North Africa, was concerned primar- 
ily in maintaining the balance of imperial power among the 
nations. The rise of the Balkan states caused modifications 
of the imperialistic schemes of the European powers, and 
popular sympathies have influenced governmental policies, 
but, in the main, international diplomacy with regard to the 
Near East has been unjust, selfish, and despicable. 


The World War was a conflict of these international 
policies, and a great vision was seen by the people of the 
world of an end to strife, and of democratic right triumph- 
ant over imperialistic and autocratic wrong. But after the 


16. Rihbany: The Syrian Christ, p. 242. 


18 Essays in Applied Christianity 


Armistice, the people saw with fear and bewilderment, their 
idealism shattered before the force of the old policies and 
the revival of secret diplomacy. The United States reacted 
with a policy of non-intervention in European policies al- 
though she has not withdrawn completely from affairs in 
the Near East. 


Opposition to the pacification of 1920 was at once ap- 
parent among the Arabs and Turks, the latter resuming 
their policy of persecution and massacre. Another compli- 
cation appeared with the unexpected rise of a new political 
party, the Nationalists, in Turkey, under Kemal Pasha. 
This party opposed the extension of Greek influence in Asia 
Minor, and in August, 1922, its army attacked the Greeks 
in Smyrna, defeating them so decisively that they agreed to 
evacuate Asia Minor. Great Britain at once hastened her 
Atlantic fleet to the Dardanelles in order to prevent the seiz- 
ure of the Straits by Turkey. An armistice was declared at 
Mudania by which the Greeks were to evacuate Thrace in 
fifteen days. November 20, 1922, a conference to settle the 
Near East situation was opened at Lausanne, with a definite 
return to secret diplomacy, and with the United States rep- 
resented unofficially. 

There were two great issues at stake at this confer- 
ence, the status of Turkey, and the Anglo-French policy. 
Great Britain wanted to retain her protectorates in the 
Near East, especially in Mosul, important as a link in the 
Bagdad railway and as a potential oil region. France, sup- 
ported by Italy who was angered by British support of 
Greece, demanded as the price of helping England in the 
Near East British support of her position in Europe.1? 

Turkey, taking advantage of the threatened break in 
the Allied position and abetted by Russia, pushed her de- 
mands to the utmost. Kemal Pasha demanded the evacua- 
tion of Greeks from the Empire, the control of the Straits, 
and the right to abrogate all treaties and capitulations prior 
to 1918. 


17. Review of Reviews, March 1923, p. 265. Frank H. Simonds: Lau- 
sanne, 


America and the Near East 19 


The United States, in its unofficial capacity, insisted 
on the open door for Turkey, the right to protect Americans 
in Turkey, non-evacuation of the Greeks, guarantees of the 
rights of minority peoples in Turkey, and the establishment 
of an Armenian National Home; and also questioned the 
right of economic monopoly in Mosul by Great Britain. 


After three months of diplomatic sparring, the con- 
ference broke up without any definite settlement. Turkey 
is still bound by the Mudania Armistice which confirmed 
her acquisition of Thrace and Constantinople, and the evac- 
uation of the Greeks from those regions. The world is ap- 
prehensive, however, of Turkish policies which are sup- 
ported by Soviet Russia. Dr. Barton of Roberts College, 
Constantinople, a delegate at Lausanne, does not trust 
Turkish promises of reform. When news reached Lausanne 
of the thousands of refugees pouring into the Black Sea 
ports through fear of massacre by the Turks, he remarked, 
“The Turk’s promise has gone down in the moral market 
about as low as the mark in the financial world.’’® 


There are strong indications of a great Mohammedan 
revival which will open the future for massacres and wars 
among the Moslems of Turkey, the one and one half million 
subject Christians, and the Balkan states. No provision 
whatever has been made for the Armenians whose security 
was guaranteed in the peace treaty of 1920. Thousands of 
Christians are fleeing from Turkish territory rather than 
live in perpetual dread of the sword of the Turk. These vol- 
untary evacuations of some and the forced evacuations of 
others have created an immense heartsickening relief prob- 
lem with which Greece is unable to cope, and which the 
American Near East Relief is attempting to solve. A prece- 
dent has been established for the forced emigration of sub- 
ject peoples which are undesired by a nation, and to what 
extremes this will be carried is a matter to be feared. 

The position of the foreign schools, missions, and or- 
phanages in the Empire is also precarious. In July of 1922, 


18. Missionary Review of the World, The Missionary Situation in Tur- 
March 1928. Ernest W. Riggs: key. 


20 Essays in Applied Christianity 


the National Assembly of Turkey enacted a law providing 
that “if any permission has been granted to foreign charit- 
able organizations to have orphan schools, they will be con- 
ducted according to the prescribed course of study and shall 
be under the direction of a Turkish subject, but no permits 
shall be issued to any new schools.’”® In the face of this, 
Kemal Pasha has repeatedly promised that foreign schoo!s 
shall be protected and encouraged. 

It is also impossible to predict the permanence of the 
Nationalists in power, although they deposed the Sultan in 
November 1922 and made him nominally, at least, the re- 
ligious head of the Moslem world. That this is a true na- 
tionalistic expression is doubtful; Kemal Pasha’s alliance 
with Soviet Russia has aroused apprehension as to the true 
character of the new government. “At the Armistice Tur- 
key was the ‘sick man’ of Europe; today she is the enfant 
terrible of Asia.’’*° 

This preliminary survey of the history, problems, and 
present situation in the Near East has been essential to any 
intelligent application of the principles of Jesus to the re- 
lation of the United States to the Near East question. We 
must first discern the signs of the times if we wish to 
prophesy for the future. 


Il. THE RELATION OF THE UNITED STATES 
TO THE NEAR EAST 


The United States cannot be consistent with Jesus’ 
ideal of the brotherhood of man and yet refuse to aid the 
world in its present plight. The objection is often made 
that Europe has brought her own troubles upon herself, 
therefore America is not under obligation to act the part 
of the Good Samaritan to her. ‘How many times shall my 


19. Missionary Review of the World, 20. The Collapse of Lausanne, Cur- 
March 1928. Ernest W. Riggs: rent Opinion, March 1923. 
The Missionary Situation in Tur- 
ey. 


America end the Near East a 


brother sin against me and I forgive him?” asked Simon 
Peter. ‘Until seventy times seven,” was the reply. Eu- 
rope has sinned and has reaped the harvest of her own sow- 
ing, but her peoples are human beings, whose personalities, 
so Jesus taught, are worthy of every consideration. The 
American nation has been accused of being a nation of ma- 
terialism, but today she is the most idealistic of the great 
nations. She cannot remain true to her ideals by keeping 
them to herself; she must share them with the world in a 
concrete way. ‘To him that knoweth to do good, and doeth 
it not, to him it is sin.” The claim that the Near East has 
upon the United States is the claim that the leper, the beg- 
gar, the sinful woman, had upon Jesus—their need and his 
power; its need and our ability to aid. America’s duty, ac- 
cording to President emeritus Eliot of Harvard, is to give 
the American people “their legitimate influence in making 
the earth a better place to live on.’’?? 

Aithough opinions differ as to the best means of pro- 
moting the welfare of the world, we find in the great prin- 
ciples of Jesus,—justice, brotherly love, humanitarianism, 
moral stamina, discretion,—solutions for many of our in- 
ternational problems such as that of the Near East. For 
instance, take the single principle of justice and see how 
far-reaching its effect would be if it were put into practice. 

The United States is morally probably the most influ- 
ential nation in the world and she should stand firmly for 
justice in world politics, even though it be to her material 
advantage to do otherwise. Insistence on justice means the 
condemnation of the policies of the nations in their treat- 
ment of the peoples of the Near East. The Balkan states, 
as we have seen, have been mere pawns in the hands of the 
European states. These Balkan states, small as they are, 
have rights that should be respected. But like the scribes 
and Pharisees who devoured the widows’ houses, and, for 
a pretense, made long prayers, the great powers have tried 
to carve out empires for themselves in the Near East, and, 


21 Matthew 18:21, 22. 22. America’s Duty in the Near East. 
World’s Work, Feb. 1923, p. 485. 


22 Essays in Applied Christianity 


for a pretense, have talked of preserving liberty and civili- 
zation. Why did provision for an Armenian National State, 
which popular sympathy has demanded for years, receive 
so little consideration at the last Lausanne Conference? 
Largely because each power was intent upon gaining recog- 
nition of its own diplomatic policies and interest. Against 
EKuropean intervention in the Near East for the satisfac- 
tion of the greed and rivalries of the great powers America 
should protest, and protest in vehement terms. Through 
the press, the churches, and the schools, the American 
public should be brought to a realization of the true situa- 
tion and of the need for more just dealings by the great 
powers. Through formal government protests and the at- 
titudes of American representatives abroad, the nations 
should feel the force of America’s condemnation of their 
treatment of the small states of the Near East. 

Moreover, the United States should insist on a con- 
sideration of the true position of Turkey by the European 
nations. For over a century, Turkey has been able to main- 
tain its autocratic form of government and its barbarous 
methods because of European rivalries and imperialistic 
aims. The “Sick Man” was given a reviving draught, first 
by one power and then by another, so that his life was pro- 
longed despite its decrepitude and internal corruptions. 
“Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn 
down, and cast into the fire,’’?* said Jesus, but here we have 
the spectacle of a corrupt tree kept alive for fear that some 
one nation would sieze the land wherein it grew. The col- 
lapse of Turkey during the World War was no more than 
natural and in accordance with historic and moral law. De- 
spite frequent promises of reform, the old form of govern- 
ment remained in force until the War, except for the peace- 
ful revolution of 1908 which was due to the Young Turks 
whose leaders, however, soon became adherents of the old 
regime. It is not just that Turkey should escape even the 
acknowledgement of her guilt as the Nationalists evidently 
expect she should, through denial of Turkish responsibility 


28. Matthew 7:19. 


America and the Neav East 23 


for the part taken in the War and for the massacres of sub- 
ject peoples. French support, real or apparent, of Turkey 
at Lausanne was denounced as “unnatural;” such support is 
not only unnatural, but it is also contrary to Jesus’ idea of 
justice. Jesus is so often represented as a weak pacificist 
that his bitter denunciation of greed, hypocrisy, and injus- 
tice and his driving the money changers from the temple 
are apt to be overlooked. His idea of brotherly love was a 
love that could condemn as well as forbear if some good 
could result thereby. The American attitude should be one 
of disapproval of any catering to a nation which is ac- 
knowledged to be unrepentant of its crimes against its peo- 
ples and the world. 

On the other hand, a true consideration of the position 
of Turkey demands recognition of the fact that it is a nation 
whose people, placed under different government and social 
conditions would still have common bonds of customs, lan- 
guage and aspirations to bind them together. Turkey is 
not a mere territory of land to be seized upon by other pow- 
ers and to be divided among themselves in order to satisfy 
their land hunger. Because they are powerful is no legiti- 
mate excuse for taking what they can obtain by reason of 
their power. The United States should insist that, should 
it become necessary for the powers to take possession of 
the Near East lands, provision be made for the welfare of 
the Turkish people instead of permitting exploitations for 
the benefit of the great nations. 

When repentant sinners came to Jesus, he had sym- 
pathy for them and freely forgave them, but for those who 
persisted in their evil ways he had distrust and condemna- 
tion. So, too, Turkey must suffer the consequences of her 
guilt until she recognizes it and shows herself capable of 
changing her policies; but it is not right that any nation 
should step in and dispossess her of her wealth in order to 
increase its own prosperity. America should therefore in- 
sist that European powers refuse to support Turkey with 
her inquitious policies, and furthermore, that they desist 
from considering her legitimate prey for consumption. 


24 Essays in Applied Christianity 


European diplomats and American diplomats have 
toiled and schemed for years to obtain concessions in favor 
of their respective countries from the Turkish government. 
The manner of this scheming has been despicable and under- 
handed in many ways. If ever there were hypocrites, these 
wily diplomats will deserve the name! If international de- 
mocracy and brotherly love are to prevail no one nation 
should be given special privileges in the Near East, and no 
one should be discriminated against. America’s policy in 
the past has been that of the “open door,” and she must 
hold fast to that policy. Here is where the moral stamina 
of Jesus should inspire her; for, as the temptation came to 
Jesus to desert his ideals and gain personal power and 
wealth, so has the temptation come to the United States to 
desert her policy in her own interests. It has developed 
that Turkey, largely through the efforts of Rear Admiral 
Chester and the fact that America is regarded as detached 
from the imperialism of Europe, is willing to grant exclus- 
ive concessions to American commercial interests. One 
more problem, that of possible entanglement of America 
in the imperialistic policies of Europe, has been added to the 
complexities of the Near East situation. But what a hypo- 
crite America would be—to preach the gospel of the “open 
door” to the world and then violate the principle in her own 
interests! How can she maintain her self-respect if she 
abandons her ideals and becomes a party to these policies 
which she has condemned in others? America is a leader 
among nations; if she is truly working for world better- 
ment, her light must so shine before the nations that they 
may see and pattern after her ideals. “No man having put 
his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the. king- 
dom of God.’ To be true to her ideals, to be just to the 
world, and to be an example to other nations, America must 
uphold and continue to agitate for the “open door” in Tur- 
key. 

As for her relations to Turkey, the United States must 
take a definite stand for those policies which she believes 
24. Luke 9:62. 


to 
Or 


America and the Near East 


Turkey should recognize. Her moral prestige can make the 

American attitude of some influence, for, of all the nations, 
the United States is most favorably regarded by Turkey. 

First of all, America should demand that provision be 
made for the minority peoples of Turkey, either that they 
be given equal rights and opportunities with Turks as sub- 
jects of the Empire, or that they be made semi-independent 
with their own local governments. The persecutions of 
Christians, their subjection to heavy taxation and tyranni- 
cal officials, and denial to them of suffrage and educational 
facilities must be abolished. Turkey has made frequent 
promise of reform; it is time that she carry out her prom- 
ise. Dr. Barton of Roberts College suggests that the United 
States can aid Turkey in her reforms by furnishing eco- 
nomic and political experts to direct the administrative re- 
organization of the Empire.?®> This does not necessarily im- 
ply a mandate over Turkey, but merely cooperation of 
Americans with the liberal-reform element in Turkey. If 
given the opportunity, it is America’s duty to help lay the 
foundation for a new Turkey, with no selfish motives and 
without deceit, for such action would encourage justice and 
guarantees for the rights of minority peoples. 

In the second place the United States should demand 
religious tolerance in the Empire. “That which Turks con- 
sider a menace (Christianity), Christians consider the only 
hope of Turkey. The least that can be demanded is the 
same amount of freedom as the Turks enjoy in America.’’?® 
Turkish opposition has centered upon Christianity because 
“it stirreth up the people” against autocracy and corrup- 
tion. Lowell calls the Bible “the most inflammatory book 
that can be circulated among a servile people,” which ac- 
counts for the Moslem opposition of its teachings. The ma- 
jority of the people of the lower classes of Turkey are “‘ser- 
vile people,” and if the government denies them the one 
hope of their regeneration and assertion of their initiative, 
25. Significance of the Lausanne Con- 26. The Missionary Situation in Tur- 


ference Federal Council of key. Missionary Review of the 
Churches Bulletin, Feb.-March, World, March 1923. 
1928. 


26 Essays in Applied Christianity 


progress, reform, and democracy are impossible. To be 
treated as other nations of the world, Turkey must become 
like them in recognizing the principle of religious tolerance. 

Thirdly, the United States, in advocating the recogni- 
tion by others of the ‘‘open door” for Turkey must also in- 
sist that it be recognized by the Turkish government. This 
means, not only that concessions are not to be granted ex- 
clusively to one nation, but also that the rights of foreign- 
ers in the Empire are to be respected. America has 
glimpsed the ideal, even if she has not become the perfect 
example, of the brotherhood of men where differences of 
race and creed do not justify persecution of and discrimina- 
tion against foreigners. Turkey has yet to conceive of the 
ideal, but American sentiment should demand Turkish rec- 
ognition of justicce to subject peoples and foreigners, and 
religious tolerance toward all. 

The primary interest of the American people has not 
been in the political situation in the Near East, but in its 
immediate problem of relief work. The Near East Relief 
has undertaken the gigantic task of providing food, shelter, 
clothing, and employment for thousands of Christian refu- 
gees on the Aegean shores. Greece, with internal troubles 
of her own, is incapable of providing even temporary relief 
for the people who were forced to evacuate Asia Minor and 
Thrace and for others who have voluntarily fled from var- 
ious ports of the Turkish Empire. It is estimated that by 
next winter (1923-1924) there will be one and one-fourth 
million refugees who will be homeless and unprovided for. 
Many Americans have grown impatient with the harrowing 
propoganda spread by the Near East Relief in its campaigns 
for finances; they prefer their ease and well-being undis- 
turbed by tales of naked and wailing babies and of wretched, 
broken-spirited mothers. But others have responded with 
a sympathy worthy the commendation of Jesus. Millions 
of dollars have been freely subscribed and poured into the 
Near East with the blessings of the donors. Churches, civic 
organizations, fraternal bodies, schools, and individuals 
have shown a spirit of humanitarianism unprecedented in 


America and the Neav Hast oT 


‘the history of the nation. But what we have given out of 
our relative abundance is but a portion of the amount which 
is needed. Now is not the time to be weary of well-doing ; 
we must continue our support of the Near East Relief. For, 
as Jesus would have us say, “We are unprofitable servants ; 
we have not done that which was our duty to do.” 

The great promise of the Near East and the great op- 
portunity for America to serve the world is through the 
children. Released from the bondage of tradition, super- 
stition, and religious and social persecution, the refugee 
children of the Near East offer untold possibilities of de- 
velopment into worthy citizens of the world. “I would 
rather pin my faith,” says one relief worker, “on what the 
American relief forces are doing in their constructive child- 
saving program, than on the most promising feats of state- 
eratt.’’*’ And to support his belief in the untold potenti- 
alities of the race of children born into the world each year, 
he lists a few of the great leaders who were born in one year 
(1809), Gladstone, Darwin, Tennyson, Fitzgerald, Poe, Men- 
delsohn, Holmes, Lincoln, Chopin, Fanny Kemble. Who 
knows what great leaders may rise from these dirty, ragged 
little boys and girls of Smyrna and Armenia and Constanti- 
nople who are being snatched from misery and death! But 
of more importance than that a few great characters shall 
be allowed to develop is that thousands of individuals shall 
be trained in Christian and American ideals and ways of 
living. Foy, after all, as Jesus divined two thousand years 
ago, the hope of the world is in its individuals. Given indi- 
viduals inspired by right principles, and with the faith and 
stamina to put these principles into practice, reforms of ex- 
isting institutions will follow. The refugee child of today 
will help to shape the destiny of his race tomorrow; can 
America afford to let her opportunity of service pass by? 

Humanitarianism, child-saving, and education are 
closely associated. To save the child from the rancor and 
hate and superstition of his race, he must be educated in the 
broader sense of the word, the direction of his thought and 
27. John W. Mace: The Near East, Feb. 1923, p. 8. 


28 Essays in Applied Christianity 


ideals to the higher values of life and the development of his 
potentialities to make him a democratic, just, and sympa- 
thetic world citizen. 

Workers in the Near East testify to the waltte of edu- 
cation of the children in this land. “America has an op- 
portunity to remake a nation through the education of Ar- 
menian children, to recover and develop the qualities which 
have made Armenia a bulwark against the foes of Christ- 
ianity.”’* “There is but one remedy after all, the American 
remedy, educate, educate, educate.’*® The work of Roberts. 
College at Constantinople and of the school of Beyrout has 
shown how easily Greeks and Orientals assimilate Western 
civilization and what fine characters are developed. The 
inertia and backwardness of the Near Eastern peoples can- 
not be remedied merely by externa! reform; the things that 
defile a man are the things that proceed out of his heart.’° 
Schools and orphanages strive to develop the self-respect 
and initiative of the children, to satisfy their intellectual 
longings, and to give them industrial training. Mission- 
aries and teachers have struggled heroically against govern- 
ment opposition, against religious persecution, Greek Ortho- 
dox as well as Moslem, against social and intellectual stag- 
nation, to maintain their schools and the means of reawak- 
ening the people through the children. We cannot break 
faith with the trust that Jesus had that the world would 
perpetuate his ideals and principles; we must save the 
schools which have already been established and we must. 
provide for others. 

This note of warning is opportune in view of the edict 
passed by the Turkish National Assembly, which brings 
American schools and charitable institutions under Turkish 
control. Of course, this does not affect the refugees in 
Greece, but it does affect the million and a half Christians. 
of Armenia, Constantinople, and other parts of the Empire, 
as well as destroying all hope of reaching Moslem subjects, 
some of whom have been influenced by the mission schools. 
28. The Collapse at Lausanne; Cur- 29. Near East Relief: New Near East, 


rent Opinion, March 1928, p. 272. Dec. 1922. 
30. Matthew 15:18-19. 


America and the Near East 29 


Lhe one hope, at present, is that the law is not being en- 
forced, and if opposition is strong enough, especially in 
America, it may be repealed. 

Education of the children of the Near East is one so- 
lution of the Near Hast question. An equally important one 
is that of economic development of the people. Jesus 
sought to make men realize that they had personalities, 
that they were equal before God, in short, that they should 
respect themselves. He wanted them to use their talents, 
not to keep them hoarded away. It is the spirit of independ- 
ence, moral and economic, which the people need in order to 
grasp the higher principles of living which centuries of 
subjection to Sultan and priest have crushed to earth. The 
economic development of the Near East is as great an op- 
portunity for enabling the people “to have life, and to have 
it more abundantly,” as is selfish economic exploitation a 
means of increasing their misery and apathy. 


At present, both ways of influencing the economic situ- 
ation are open to America, one through the Chester con- 
cessions, and one through relief and educational work. It 
is possible, but highly improbable, that American capital- 
ists or any other capitalists would undertake such large- 
seale projects as are contemplated, from any other motive 
than that of self-interest. This means the enrichment of a 
few at the expense of the people. America cannot be a Good 
Samaritan to the Near East and fail to protect the interests 
of its peopies. The resources of the Near East can be de- 
veloped in a way advantageous to the people, as well as to 
business. America should see that she is represented in 
the Near East by open, honest commercial enterprises. 


The Near Hast Relief workers and the schools have 
yecognized, in addition to the enormous task of temporary 
relief, the greater task of upbuilding the individual refu- 
sees. Education of the children is a part of this task, and 
one phase of education is industrial training. The children 
are taught some trade or other form of work by which their 
economic independence is assured, and this is a great step 


30 Essays in Applied Christianity 


in increasing self-respect and initiative. Seed is also fur- 
nished to refugees with instructions of how to plant it to 
the best advantage. Farm machinery and domestic con- 
trivances are being introduced, so that waste and drudgery 
are being eliminated. | 

A new era of progress is opened up for these refugees. 
Cruel and heartless as the evacuations of the Greeks from 
Asia Minor and Thrace have been, if the temporary relief 
problem can be taken care of, there is made possible for 
these refugees greater opportunities, more freedom, and 
sympathetic protection. This is a vision that America can 
help realize, through relief work, child-saving, education, 
and economic development, if she follows the example of 
the Great Humanitarian, Jesus of Nazareth. 

Nor must the schools and missions in the Empire be 
neglected. They are working under great handicaps and 
need American protection and encouragement. In world 
politics, too, the United States must have the courage and 
the strength to uphold those policies which promote justice, 
international welfare, and brotherly love. The United 
States must insist that the great powers consider the rights 
of the small states of the Near East and the true position 
of Turkey; and that Turkey recognize the “open door,” the 
rights of minority peoples, and religious tolerance in the 
Empire. And, casting aside all selfish interest, she must, 
herself, recognize the ‘‘open door” in deed as well as in word. 

The reward which America will reap if she consistently 
strives to aid the Near East in the spirit of Jesus may not | 
be that of immediate gain. It may not even be gratitude 
on the part of the Near East peoples. Ten lepers were 
healed by Jesus once, and only one of the ten returned to 
thank him, but he did not lose faith in his ideals. America 
will be ultimately rewarded, and even now she may develop 
a finer morale and have the consciousness of having aided 
in world betterment. Let her, then, seek first the higher 
values, the kingdom of God, and these other things shall be 
added unto her. 


America and the Near Hast 31 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


EK. I. Bosworth: Jesus and His Apostles, 1905. International 
Committee of Y. M. C. A., New York. 


H. E. Fosdick: The Challenge of the Present Crisis. Asso- 
ciation Press, New York, 1917. 


C. C. Hall: The Universal Elements of the Christian Relig- 
ion. Fleming H. Revel Co., New York, 1905. 


C. J. H. Hayes: Political and Social History of Modern 
Europe. Macmillan Co., New York, 1916. 


N. C. King: The Moral and Religious Challenge of Our 
Times. Macmillan Co., New York, 1911. 


H. H. Jessup: Fifty-three years in Syria. Fleming H. Revel 
Co., New York, 1910. 


The New Testament. 


A. M. Rihbany: The Syrian Christ, Houghton Mifflin Com- 
pany, Boston and New York, 1916. 


Bouck White: The Call of the Carpenter. Doubleday, Page, 
and Co., New York, 1913. 


F. Schevill: Political History of Modern Europe. Harcourt, 
- Brace & Co., New York, 1921. 


F. E. Melvin: The Near East (Lecture). Women’s Forum, 
Feb. 1923. University of Kansas. 


The Kansas City Star. 

The World Call. 

The New Near East. 

The Collapse at Lausanne: Current Opinion, March 1923. 


Frank H. Simonds: Lausanne, Review of Reviews, March 
1923. 


32 Essays in Applied Christianity 

An Episcopalian’s View of the Near East: New Near East, 
Dec. 1922. 

The Progress of the World: Review of Reviews, Jan. 1923. 

An Oriental Labyrinth: Literary Digest, April 21, 1923. 


J. L. Murray: Who is to Blame? Missionary Review of the 
World, Feb. 1923. 


C. W. Eliot: America’s Duty in the Near East. World’s 
Work. Feb. 1923. 


John W. Mace: New Near East, Feb. 1923. 


Ernest W. Riggs: Missionary Situation in Turkey. Mis- 
sionary Review of the World, March 1923. 


Frank H. Simonds: Constantinople and the Near East. Re- 
view of Reviews, August 1921. 


Federal Council of Churches Bulletin, Feb.-March, 1923. 
| Significance of the Lausanne Conference: J. L. Bar- 
ton. 


Henry Morgenthau: Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, 
Doubleday, Page and Company, Garden City, New 
York, 1918. 


E. W. Pickard: Chronology of the Year 1922. 


1918 


1914 


1915 


1916 


Oey 


1918 


1919 


1920 


© 
ie) 


America and the Near East 


ESSAYS PREVIOUSLY PRINTED 
[Hattie Elizabeth Lewis Memorial Series | 


An Application of the Teachings and Example of Christ to 
the Relationship of the Native Citizen to ae Immigrant. 
—By Nathan Clyde. First Prize. 

A Practical Application of Christianity to the American Race 
Problem.—By William Burkholder. Second Prize. 


An Application of the Teachings of Christ to the Relation of 
the Employer to His Employees.—By Marshall A, Granger. 


An Application of the Teachings of Christ to the American 
Japanese Problem.—By Herbert Flint. 


How Christ Would Organize the World.—By Ralph W. Nelson. 


The Employer, the Wage-Earner and the Law of Love.—By 
Charles H. Watson. 


The Christian Nation and the Hague.—-By James Armstrong 
Scott. 


Christianity the Basis of True Internationalism.—By George 
E. Struble. 


The Application of the Teachings of Jesus to the Responsi- 
bility of the Capitalist to the Public——By Robert Henry Al- 
bach. | 


All the above essays are now out of print. In 1921 and 1922 it 


was necessary, on account of the greatly increased cost of printing, 
to forego the publication of the prize essays, The first prize in 1921 
was taken by John R. Barnes; in 1922, by Rhea Ensign, 





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